Disaster Epidemiology: Human Rights and the US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) Siege of Minneapolis
VIEWPOINT, January 28 2026
Joseph J. Amon
Before its leadership and staff were gutted, the US Center for Disease Control and Prevention provided technical assistance and disaster epidemiology training to state and local public health professionals.[1] The field of public health rightly understood that its tools, including surveillance systems to detect emerging threats, risk assessment and vulnerability mapping to identify at-risk and vulnerable populations, outbreak investigation to quickly identify causes and address risk, could be applied wherever disasters—natural or man-made—emerged.
Public health practitioners, recognizing the adage that an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure, also developed strategies for the prevention and mitigation of disasters, and routinely designed models, simulating how quickly a disease could spread through crowded evacuation shelters or developing estimates of medical supply needs.
Core epidemiological principles—defining populations at risk, measuring health outcomes systematically, identifying causal relationships, and evaluating interventions—provide the scientific foundation for evidence-based disaster management. These methods transform chaotic emergency situations into structured problems that can be analyzed and addressed systematically, ultimately saving lives and reducing suffering.
The same approaches need to be applied currently in Minneapolis, Minnesota, amidst the ongoing tsunami of violence caused by Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) targeting immigrants, minoritized American citizens, and protesters exercising fundamental human rights to speech and assembly.
Following a disaster epidemiology approach, public health practitioners should address the epidemic of violence in Minneapolis caused by ICE by building resilient systems, addressing urgent needs, protecting human rights, and ensuring accountability.
Preparedness: Building resilient systems
Effective disaster preparedness requires integrated early warning systems coupled with comprehensive public education. Of course, ICE officials understand this as well and act to evade such efforts, to move into a city with little to no warning. Cities, especially those where a majority of citizens did not vote for the current president, need to engage communities, develop plans and create early warning systems.[2]
One lesson from previous disasters, however, is that while coordinated efforts and alerts can save lives, they may be insufficient. Communities must understand warning signals and know evacuation routes. Studies following the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami found that populations with traditional knowledge of ocean behavior and those who had participated in tsunami drills experienced significantly lower mortality rates.[3] In other words, be prepared and don’t underestimate the cruelty.
Healthcare infrastructure resilience constitutes another critical preparedness element. Hospitals and clinics in cities targeted by ICE must be prepared for mass casualties, including kinetic projectile impact injuries (e.g., from rubber bullets, beanbags, pepper balls) to chemical agent exposures (tear gas, pepper spray), to physical and blunt force trauma (baton injuries), as well as long-term and psychological effects (including vision loss, cognitive impairment from brain injuries, and psychological trauma). Research on the policing of protest crowds has found that a significant percentage of injuries from projectiles are severe, with many targeting the head and neck.[4]
In Minneapolis, ICE officials have shot civilians with impunity, have failed to provide first aid, and interfered with those who try to provide life-saving care.[5] They have followed this with lies about the risk posed and defaming statements about the victim, which have been repeated by the White House.
For those afraid to leave their homes, preparedness should include stocking critical medicines at home and finding ways to refill prescriptions and food stocks. Telemedicine alternatives should be made available, as should online education alternatives for children afraid to travel to and from school.[6]
Addressing urgent health needs, protecting human rights, ensuring accountability
The acute phase following a siege of federal ICE agents in a community requires a coordinated emergency medical response, addressing, in particular, mental health needs. But it also requires efforts beyond disaster epidemiology’s traditional view. It requires rebuilding communities shattered by violence but held together by inspiring solidarity. It must also reinforce human rights protections and the rule of law, and find mechanisms of accountability.
While research has found that psychological first aid programs and community-based mental health interventions can reduce anxiety and help prevent progression to post-traumatic stress disorder and depression following a disaster, accountability and justice must also be addressed.[7]
The siege of Minneapolis violates numerous US Constitutional and international human rights protections. For example, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) protect the freedom of peaceful assembly (ICCPR Article 21), including the right to organize and participate in peaceful protests. The ICCPR also guarantees freedom of expression (Article 19), which covers protest speech and demonstration. Restrictions to these rights must be lawful, necessary, and proportionate to legitimate aims.[8]
The US Constitution, in the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments guarantee that no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. Use of force must be “objectively reasonable”. It is important to note that due process applies to all, regardless of immigration status and includes a right to notice of charges and a hearing before deportation, a right to present evidence, a right to counsel, and protection against arbitrary detention.
ICCPR Article 9 similarly protects against arbitrary arrest and detention, requiring a legal basis for any detention, prompt notification of charges, right to challenge detention before a court, and humane treatment of detainees.
In the United Nations document “Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials”, key guidelines include that force should be used only when strictly necessary.[9] Lethal force should be used only when strictly unavoidable to protect life. Force must be proportional to the threat. Officials must identify themselves and give clear warning before using force. All of these principles have been violated in Minnesota.
Conclusion
In addition to disaster epidemiology, public health professionals have recognized, researched, and published articles on violence as a public health crisis.[10] The siege on Minneapolis, the public health impacts, the human rights violations and the inhumanity must end and accountability, through courts and through community forums—accountability from below—must ensure that what has happened is accurately reported, prevented from occurring again, and that justice prevails.[11]
Joseph J. Amon, MSPH, PhD, is Desmond M. Tutu Professor in Public Health and Human Rights, director of the Center for Public Health and Human Rights, and a distinguished professor of the practice in the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States, and editor-in-chief of Health and Human Rights
Please address correspondence to Joseph Amon. Email: joe.amon@jhu.edu.
Listen to Joseph Amon discuss “On Public Health and Human Rights in Minneapolis” a podcast from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.
References
[1] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Public Health Surveillance During a Disaster”. Apr 5, 2024. Available: https://www.cdc.gov/disaster-epidemiology-and-response/php/disaster/surveillance.html
[2] Axios. Trump orders ICE to step up deportation efforts n Democrat-run cities. Jun 16, 2025. Available: https://www.axios.com/2025/06/16/trump-ice-democrat-cities-immigration-deport
[3] P. Mikulecký, A Punčochářová ,F Babič, et al. “Dealing with risks associated with tsunamis using indigenous knowledge approaches,” International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, Feb 2023. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212420923000146
[4] C. Pearl, S. Torbati, and J. M. Geiderman. “Kinetic projectile injuries treated during civil protests in Los Angeles: a case series,” Clinical Practice and Cases in Emergency Medicine, (2021) Oct 19;5(4):385. Available: https://doi.org/10.5811/cpcem.2021.7.52885
[5] S. Heffernan and T. Meagher. How ICE and Border Patrol Keep Injuring and Killing People. The Marshall Project. Jan 26, 2026. Available: https://www.themarshallproject.org/2026/01/26/ice-minneapolis-shooting-alex-pretti
[6] L. Romero. Judge blocks removal of 5-year-old detained by ICE in Minnesota. ABC News, Jan 27, 2026. Available: https://abcnews.go.com/US/judge-blocks-removal-5-year-detained-ice-minnesota/story?id=129614901
[7] L. Wang, I. Norman, V. Edleston, et al., “The effectiveness and implementation of psychological first aid as a therapeutic intervention after trauma: An integrative review,” Trauma, Violence, & Abuse (2024) Oct;25(4):2638-56. Available: https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380231221492
[8] United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Available: https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/2021/03/udhr.pdf; United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Available: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights
[9] United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials. Available: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/basic-principles-use-force-and-firearms-law-enforcement
[10] American Public Health Association. Violence is a Public Health Issue: Public Health is Essential to Understanding and Treating Violence in the US. Nov 12, 2018. Available: https://www.apha.org/policy-and-advocacy/public-health-policy-briefs/policy-database/2019/01/28/violence-is-a-public-health-issue
[11] P. Hunt and A. Kapilashrami, “Exploring Accountability for Health Rights,” Health and Human Rights (2025), Vol. 27/2. https://www.hhrjournal.org/2025/12/08/accountability-from-below/